Constitution vs Articles of Confederation Essay

As one of the creators of the new Constitution of 1788, you are chosen to present its strengths as compared to the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. What areas of importance will you stress in attempting to get it passed unanimously? Give good well-reasoned arguments in a report of approximately 400 words. You will need to research the details of each document, using resources from the library, the Internet, or other sources. Be sure to use proper spelling and grammar. Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation were a written agreement, ratified by the thirteen original states of the United States of America, which laid the guidelines as to how the US government was supposed to function. Sometimes, simply referred to as Articles, this agreement was created in November 1777, and ratified by the 13 original states in March 1781. Within a few years of its ratification, it was subjected to severe criticism by the Founding Fathers of the United States. Eventually, it was decided that this agreement had to be revised to suit the needs of the nation as a whole. In May 1787, delegates from the 13 states met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. However, in course of convention all the delegation members came to a mutual conclusion that rewriting the entire Constitution was better than revising the existing Articles of the Confederation. The US Constitution The US Constitution, which is considered to be the supreme law in the United States of America today, is an agreement which provides the guidelines for the organization of the United States government, i.e. the federal government, and its relationship with various states and citizens of the country. Basically, the numerous problems with the Articles laid the foundation for a new constitution. When the delegates from all the thirteen  states met to revise the Articles of Confederation, they came to a mutual conclusion that drafting a new constitution was much viable option than revising the existing one which was full of problems. The delegates involved in the Philadelphia Convention, where the new US Constitution was drafted, included some of the prominent names of the American history including James Madison, George Washington, William Pierce and Benjamin Franklin. Articles of Confederation vs. the US Constitution If you try to compare the Articles with the new Constitution, you realize that the former was full of drawbacks, while the latter had answers to all these drawbacks. The Articles was subjected to severe criticism for the very fact that it centralized all the powers in the hands of state government, and left the national government with no major powers at all. As opposed to the unicameral system which was facilitated by the Articles of Confederation, the US Constitution introduced the bicameral system of governance, which was divided into the upper house and lower house. Yet another difference between the two was pertaining to the number of votes each state had. While the Articles had a provision of one vote for every single state irrespective of its size, the US Constitution had the provision of one vote per representative or senator. Similarly, the new Constitution also made provision for executive and judiciary branches of the government, something which the Articles of Confederation didn’t facilitate. When the Articles were the supreme law of the land, the national government required approval from 9 of the total 13 states to pass new laws. This was also changed in the new Constitution wherein approval of more than half of the total nominees of the states is enough to pass new laws. In order to amend the constitution, the national government required unanimous approval from all the 13 states. As per the new law though, the number was changed and only 2/3rd of the both houses and 3/4th of state legislatures was enough to amend the Constitution. This made the task of amending very easy, and the 27 amendments to the US Constitution highlight this very fact very well. The federal courts were not in picture when the Articles of Confederation was the supreme law. But when the US Constitution was introduced, it did feature provision for federal courts, which were assigned the responsibility of resolving disputes between the citizens as well as the states. While the Articles didn’t give the national government the right to levy taxes on its citizens, the Constitution did give the federal government the powers to do so. Similarly, the federal government required approval from the states to raise an army as per the stipulations of the Articles. According to the Constitution, on the other hand, the federal government has the right to raise an army to deal with conflict situations. The Articles didn’t allow any interference on the part of the federal government in terms of regulation of trade and commerce, but the US Constitution gave the federal government the right to control trade and commerce at the international level as well as the int er-state level. The new Constitution was drafted because the Articles of Confederation, which preceded it, didn’t live up to the expectations. The states were undoubtedly happy as they were in command, with the national government having no enforcing authority whatsoever, but this left the United States of America in a state of chaos – with each state coming up with its own laws. With all this chaos, the US Constitution was surely the need of the hour.

Religion in History

Hebrew religious beliefs differed from the beliefs of other people in the ancient Middle East. â€Å"Of all the ancient civilizations, it was the Hebrews who exerted perhaps the greatest influence on western society as well as the western intellectual tradition† (â€Å"Hebrew'). The Hebrews first appeared in Mesopotamia and then migrated from Mesopotamia to Canaan and then into Egypt and back to Canaan. The Hebrew people were different. For them, there was only one god, Yahweh. This was a fundamental difference between the Hebrews and their neighbors in the ancient Middle East.The Egyptians, Babylonians, and others did not worship Yahweh. Not Reason but Revelation was the cornerstone of the Hebrew faith† (â€Å"Religion†). Yahweh was the focus of Hebrew life; therefore, the Hebrews would give no praise to royalty. Moses received the Ten Commandments as guidelines for the Hebrews. The poor, children, and sick were all protected and rich and poor were to be treated under the same laws. Personal property was not most important and did not define a person for the first time.Hebrews' felt that Yahweh was fair; however their neighbors felt different about their Gods. â€Å"The ancient lands of Canaan, Israel, and Judah were overrun at various times. The peoples who ruled them brought with hem their own gods and religious practices. Wherever they went, the Hebrews kept their customs and their belief† (â€Å"Hebrew†). The Persians were settled in the area long before the Hebrews. â€Å"The Persians had two gods, Ahura Mazda, who created all the good things in the world, and Ahriman, who created all the bad things in the world.These two gods were at war all the time. Their struggle kept the world in a delicate balance. If one god gained the upper hand, then more of his influence would be felt† (â€Å"Middle†). The Phoenicians also believed in gods that were responsible for parts of nature, such as rain and wind. Baal, the storm god, was the second most important Phoenician god, behind El, the chief god† (â€Å"Middle†). The Phoenicians also believed in a life after death, as did their neighbors the Egyptians.Both embalmed their dead and wrapped them in linen; the Phoenicians placed the bodies in stone coffins in hillside cemeteries It was believed that people could decide which god they wanted to follow. â€Å"Those who followed Ahura Mazda, the god of good, did good deeds like keeping their word, giving to the poor, treating other people well, and obeying the king. Those who followed Ahriman did bad things, like lying, cheating, being lazy, and being reedy' (â€Å"Middle†). In the end, Ahura Mazda would triumph and good would win. People who supported this god would enjoy happiness after death.Those who supported Ahriman would be punished for that support. â€Å"This religion, later called Zoroastrianism, was the religion practiced throughout the Persian Empire when Alexander the Great conquered it in 330† (â€Å"Middle†). With his influence, Alexander brought the religion of the Greeks. Sumerians and Hebrews had many similarities and differences in their beliefs. They both give high regard to the Gods. Gods have the most power and can bring ood fortune, good harvest, good health, and good life. On the other hand, the Gods can take all these goods back and cause death, sickness, and plague.Sumerians and religious beliefs of the Hebrews from the belief systems of Egypt or Mesopotamia was clearly their monotheism. This monotheism made possible for a new awareness of the individual. Man had the capacity to choose between good and evil. Sumerians practice polytheism; in fact, they think of the Gods as human. Eastern polytheism used images to represent their gods and goddesses. The Sumerians believed that the forces of nature were alive. The people couldn't control these forces of nature, so they worshipped them as gods.The people also believed t hat they were living on Earth only to please the gods. â€Å"The Sumerian gods included Anu, the ruler of the gods; Enki, the god of earth; and Enlil, the god of the air, who separated heaven and earth. Enlil it was also who gave the Sumerians their knowledge of farming† (Hebrew'). Each Sumerian city also had its own god. The focus of the city was the ziggurat, a large temple, which was the home of that city's god. The priests who worked in the ziggurats were the only ones who knew the will of the gods, so hey were very powerful.

Age Discrimination Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Age Discrimination - Research Paper Example As our nation is multicultural in its democratic set up, the policy has both legal and ethical significance in HRM. From a social perspective, in order to maintain the socio-economic stability, we should allow people to work as long as they wish. It has been assumed that diverse workforce (ethnicity, culture, language, sex, and age) would avail potential individuals with a variety of talents who will also have experience and knowledge about wide rage of customers (Weightman, 2004, p.25). For example, we have hundreds of employees who are above the age of 65 still working zealously. Moreover, it helps us save time and money to test and train new recruits. In fact, the older workers are the proven asset which can help employers in the long run. Moreover, retaining older staff would be a reasonable solution to the growing labor shortage. Obviously there are certain situations when age discrimination policy would lead to organizational crisis. However, the issue depends on the effectiveness of the HR strategy. For instance, the company should have well defined vision on individual goals and role assignment. There are certain exceptional tasks in which youngsters can outsmart elders. Therefore, elders should not be assigned to services that require high physical and mental skills. In the UK, According to the Default Retirement Age Act of 2006, employers can force workers to retire exactly at their age of 65 without paying any redundancy (BBC News). Although 65 had been considered as the common age for retirement in the United States, mandatory retirement was completely abolished since 1986 (Kerley, 2001, p.208). As mentioned earlier, we therefore, neither discriminate nor force workers to retire at their old age; instead, workers are given the privilege to choose their retirement. It would be a fallacy if we assume that young labors would perform better than the older workers. On the other hand, new candidates may not be always

Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical Essay - 5

Identification of managerial, financial, legal and ethical implications - Essay Example Based on such a perspective, this paper analyses the managerial, financial, legal and ethical implications associated the shortage of nurses in the industry. As already mentioned above, nurses indeed play a crucial role in the provision of healthcare services in the industry. Such an aspect is evident based on the fact that nurses usually have a direct link to patients, who are ideally the greatest stakeholders in the sector (Huber, 2006). Considering the significance of the nurses in the sector, any shortage would indeed substantively pose great challenges towards service delivery in the industry. On the managerial perspective, it is clear that the success of any organization is usually linked to the managerial capabilities. With increased shortage of nurses, the quality of service in the sector is obviously expected to deteriorate, which would then negatively affect the managerial performance of the industry (Huston, 2009). Financially, there is indeed another great challenge that the industry faces as a result of the shortage of nurses. Like in many other sectors, better finances are usually attributed to better performance as customers are in most instances attracted by quality service provisions. Based on such a perspective, it is substantively clear that with the shortage of service providers, the quality of service is likely to reduce marginally. Shortage of nurses means that the few available nurses are overwhelmed with the duties they are expected to perform thereby causing distress in their performances. Once distressed, the nurses are then unable to perform at their best, therefore, reducing the quality of services (Cowen and Moorhead, 2011). With reduced quality of service delivery, fewer individuals would be seeking for medical services from a facility that faces a shortage of the service providers, an aspect, which would affect the financial

Why some people take risks and some dont Research Paper

Why some people take risks and some dont - Research Paper Example They establish goals for themselves and started working toward achieving those goals. In the way, if they encounter a risky situation, they tend to take the risk rather than retreating from it because they do not want to compromise upon their plans. However, they undertake risks with a planned strategy so that they are able to mitigate the risks in case they encounter them. Such people are highly motivated. Motivation is one of the key drivers of the tendency to undertake risks. Motivated people cannot feel comfortable if they retreat from entering a risky situation, if that is what it takes to achieve their goal. A very important characteristic feature of the pro-risk people is that they are optimistic. A pessimistic person places too much emphasis over the possibilities of negative outcomes of a risk and thus feels discouraged to undertake it. People generally are not very optimistic about risks. Daniel Kaheman who has won Nobel Prize explained how the fear of loss is bigger for mo st people compared to the happiness of gain in these words, â€Å"For most people, the fear of losing $100 is more intense than the hope of gaining $150. [Amos Tversky and I] concluded from many such observations that ‘losses loom larger than gains’ and that people are loss averse† (Kaheman cited in Halvorson). ... Taking risk is related to self-actualization. Self-actualization sits at the top of the pyramid proposed by Maslow in his motivational theory, and can be described as the realization of the potential in an individual to fulfill themselves and make optimal use of their capabilities (Maslow 150). Why an individual takes a risk is explained by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Maslow categorized all sorts of needs an individual might have into five basic kinds of needs, namely physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, self-esteem needs, and the need of self-actualization (Cherry). Maslow placed these needs on top of each other in the form of a pyramid with the physiological needs forming the base and the need to self-actualize at the top. According to Maslow, an individual does not feel a higher level need unless all lower level needs are satisfied. Hence, a person would only feel the need for love and belongingness if their safety needs are addressed. Ta king this philosophy, an individual only feels the need to self-actualize when all lower level needs have been addressed. Self-actualization is when an individual takes incentives in order to grow and progress, take chances, as well as risks. Describing the attitude and approach of a self-actualized person, (Wilson) says that such people approach life with newness and even appreciate the experiences they have already had treating them as new. In view of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, people that take risks in any aspect of their life have all their basic needs addressed. This suggests that they are capable of taking risks financially, mentally, emotionally, and physically. There are a range of factors that may stop a person from being adventurous.

How Music Impacted the Slaves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How Music Impacted the Slaves - Essay Example Slave music can be grouped in three major categories: religious, work, and recreational. African traditions and Christianity inspired religious songs; work songs eased the burden of hard labor and helped slaves synchronize group tasks, encouraged slaves during long hours of physical toil; it kept their spirit up and could work harder and longer. Recreational songs mostly were played on string instruments; in their free time slaves listened and danced to the music. The lyrics of the slave music were simple; it expressed their hardship, sadness, and feelings (â€Å"Understand Slave Culture Through Songs†). They lyrics were repetitive which appealed to their educational levels. Slaves used music to protest against slavery by ridiculing their masters in songs. For example, a group of slaves witnessed their master falling from his horse, which was turned into a song with thinly veiled lyrics and sung by all the slaves in the field the next day as he rode by (â€Å"The New Worldâ⠂¬  1). It was mentioned above that salves did not pay much attention to the lyrics; however they were expressive that promised a better world in this and the next life. For example (Faigin 1), There is a balm in Gilead to make the wounded whole. There is a balm in Gilead to heal the sin-sick soul. One of these mornings bright and fair, I’m gonna lay down my heavy load. Gonna kick my wings and cleave the air, I’m gonna lay down my heavy load. Nat Turner was born on October 2, 1800, and was hanged on and skinned on November 1832 (â€Å"Net Turner’s Rebellion†). After the Nat Turner revolt, strict curfews required slaves to show passes in their travel from one plantation to another. At that time, slaves expressed their emotions through the following lyrics (Faigin): Run nigger,... This essay approves that American slaves found music as a mode of communication and expression. Slave music can be grouped in three major categories: religious, work, and recreational. African traditions and Christianity inspired religious songs; work songs eased the burden of hard labor and helped slaves synchronize group tasks, encouraged slaves during long hours of physical toil; it kept their spirit up and could work harder and longer. Recreational songs mostly were played on string instruments; in their free time slaves listened and danced to the music. This report makes a conclusion that American slave culture flourished over three centuries. On one hand, their hard work built the economic foundation of the country; on the other hand, they faced whippings, beatings, executions, and rapes. Even in this atmosphere, slaves developed their own culture, which was based on a variety of African tribal customs; story telling and enthusiastic group worship. In the American society, they were prevented from reading and writing. So they did not have a mode of communication. They compensated it by embracing a different form of communication; music, the concept that they brought from their homeland. Thus, music became a vital part of the American slave culture. It bolstered their spirits, gave hope, and strength in their daily lives that mainly consisted of hardship. Eventually, their songs became descriptive that provided them with directions on how to escape to freedom.

Reserve Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Reserve Banking - Essay Example There are two types of banking system that is the fractional banking system, and the 100% reserve banking system. This paper is a comparison and a contrast of these two types of banking system. The 100% reserve banking system is a practice whereby the full amounts of the funds of a depositor are made available to him or her at any given time. In the current global business environment, this system of banking does not exist. This is ever since the 1800s. The major reason is because banking organizations need to make profits, and having a 100% reserve banking system makes it difficult for these organizations to make money (Quagliariello, 17). Therefore, banking organizations and institutions would trade with the deposits in their vaults, for purposes of making profits. These trades involves, issuing of loans, mortgages, and involving themselves in the money market. However, in order to make some money, banking organizations that operates under a 100% reserve banking system, are involved in charging their customers some money, just for purposes of making them to be able to access their services. Lending in this kind of a system normally occurs when there is a separate arrangement, between the depositor and the banking organization, where the depositor is required to authorize the banking organization to lend some of his or her money. This is in direct contrast to the fractional system of reserve banking (Quagliariello, 27). Under this type of banking system, only a fraction of the depositor’s money is able to stay in the banking vaults, and the rest of the rest of the money are used for purposes of trade. Banks normally loan out these money, at an interest. Banks normally carry out this activity, through a vehicle referred to as a certificate of deposit. This system normally works, when the banking organization takes the money that is not needed by the customer, and it

Poems comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poems comparison - Essay Example There is no irony or sarcasm in this poem, when compared with the other two. Barbie Doll refers to the chilling stereotyping a young girl, growing up, is subject to. She is expected to conform to unrealistic standards of beauty and behavior, to become a pleasing, plastic, plaything, and forget her own individuality. In the process, the girl loses her self-esteem and resorts to suicide. The only time that she is able to conform to society’s norms is after her death—which implies that these norms are killing. This urge to be stylish is referred to in Titanic as well. The urge is so strong that it is not unlikely that people, if given a chance might actually choose to voyage again on the doomed Titanic, just to be able to go down grandly! There are only two instances in the poem, where the poet uses some kind of literary flourish, by characterizing puberty as â€Å"magic† (a metaphor) and describing the girl’s good nature wearing out â€Å"like a fan belt† (a simile). However, beneath the mere presentation of facts lurks a suppressed emotion, which the reader relates to, and the result is therefore an evoking of similar emotion. Titanic, however, has no underlying emotion. The poem mocks at people’s tendency to pursue blindly, that which is considered fashionable—like lemmings rushing to a mindless death. But it certainly invokes in the reader, by its mocking style, a horror of our tendency to want to conform to the fashion of the day, irrespective of consequences. The poem highlights how modern media romanticizes even the most terrible of events, and the power of the media over our lives. Both Titanic and Barbie Doll are written in the third person, to achieve distance in the presentation, while Philadelphia, in the first person, immediately establishes emotional proximity with the reader. However, the first two poems have a certain tension, which evoke further

Why i attend college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why i attend college - Essay Example I have been incisive on this notion for quite a long while now and I believe this is the right step forward – attending college would help shape me up in a better fashion than anything else. Attending college would give me a boost in terms of my personality and character building regimes. It would help manifest my true basis within the army as well as make my grooming complete from all sides. I have envisioned a life which is filled with success and accomplishment and this can only take place once I educate myself in a wholesome manner. I have stepped on to this pathway and I opine that I am doing something for my own betterment, in the long run. I know this for sure that remaining within the army would bolster my career but attaining higher education by attending college at this juncture in my life would make me a resolute and firm believer of the positives that I could draw from attaining such education. This will strengthen my base and provide me a platform to grow and develop in the long term scheme of things. I would consider myself very lucky if I attend college now because to remain abreast of the changing educational patterns is indeed something which goes down well with the prospective employees. I do not wish to miss on this tangent at all. In essence, attending college would open up alternatives after I retire from the army. It would make me into a contented individual – one who is completely at home with his feelings, desires and sentiments. I would see myself progressing smoothly with the changing norms and conditions of my life and I would not find myself within any difficulties if I remain glued to the cause of attaining education even at that age. Thus the start must come today and my attending college would give me the much needed base upon which I can build my edifice upon. Undoubtedly army will provide me success but my education will instill

Samsung Electronics And Its Managerial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Samsung Electronics And Its Managerial - Essay Example The study will investigate the electronics industry in general and it will focus on Samsung Electronics and its managerial, operations and product distribution style as a model which can be duplicated by Chinese Companies. Samsung rose from the bottom of a mass produced, low price, export dumping electronic company to be situated as the number three electronic company in the global market. There are no Chinese Companies which hold this distinction of being a leader in any industry. The study will point out why and how the Korean Company has become an industry leader. The study will pursue this topic because Samsung’s management and operations style is extremely successful, and its importance as a business model can serve as an example to other companies on how an aggressively focused Research and Development department, and a well thought out marketing concept can make the difference in a company’s bottom line. The beneficiaries will at a minimum be two-fold; for studen ts who are interested in how a successful company plans its short and long term objectives for project development. How important it is to identify your primary market during the conception and development of a product and how critical it is to produce high-end quality products and not waver on corporate pricing structures. It will exhibit to the business the person how critical it is to establish policy and make it stick. The information presented by the study will provide the inner details of a strategy which exhibits sound long-range business.... style is extremely successful, and its importance as a business model can serve as an example to other companies on how an aggressively focused Research and Development department, and a well thought out marketing concept can make the difference in a company's bottom line.The beneficiaries will at a minimum be two fold; for students who are interested in how a successful company plans its short and long term objectives for project development. How important it is to identify your primary market during the conception and development of a product and how critical it is to produce high-end quality products and not waver on corporate pricing structures. Moreover, it will exhibit to the business person how critical it is to establish policy and make it stick. The information presented by the study will provide the inner details of a strategy which exhibits sound long range business planning and reflects positive results, based on a system which is successful. 3 Section 2 The objectives of the study will be to show that the system which Samsung functions under is replicable and can be applied to any business which is committed to remain focused. Section 3 "Samsung Electronics, the consumer electronics giant in Korea, posted its financial performance for the first quarter, 2006 at 13.96 trillion won, which represents a one percent growth compared to the first quarter of 2005" (Survival) "Samsung electronics revealed this year's TFT - LCD monitor sales through November. The company has maintained its world market leadership by selling 5

Evaluation of Shylock as a Tragic Hero Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of Shylock as a Tragic Hero Essay We Are Witnesses: Five Diaries of Teenagers Who Died in the Holocaust by Jacob Boas Rescue: The Story of How Gentiles Saved Jews in the Holocaust by Milton Meltzer Hiding to Survive: Stories of Jewish Children Rescued from the Holocaust by Maxine B. Rosenberg Parts of the Book Report: Title Page Actual Book Report Contents of Book Report: 1. Discuss the setting of the book. 2. Give a summary of the book by discussing the real persons/peoples life/lives. 3. Discuss the character/persons traits and support them with examples from the book. 4. Discuss the theme the message of the book and some interesting facts you learned from this book. 5. Give your opinion of the book. Include the answers to the following: *How would you rate the book? Why? *What part of the book affected you and in what way? *Do you think the book gave an honest account of the personOs life? *Do you admire any of the people in the book? Why? Book Report: Fiction Kriss War by Carol Matas Lisas War by Carol Matas Parts of the Book Report: Title Page Actual Book Report Contents of Book Report: 1. Discuss the setting of the book. 2. Give a summary of the book by discussing the real persons life. 3. Discuss the main characters traits and support them with examples from the book. 4. Discuss the theme the message of the book. 5. Give your opinion of the book. Include the answers to the following: *How would you rate the book? Why? *What part of the book affected you and in what way? *Do you think the book gave an honest account of a persons life during the Holocaust? Hint: Follow guide sheets for book report for the four elements of a book; there is one more thing added this time your opinion.

European History-The Later middle Ages Essay Example for Free

European History-The Later middle Ages Essay Black Death was a plague that swept across Europe in the 14th century resulting in an irrevocable change to Europe’s religious structure which was highly dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. Besides, Black Death resulted in harassment of minority groups such as Jews on not only grounds of religious detestation but also a way of attacking the church or the kings who were perceived to protect them. This was heightened by feelings that the church as an institution had failed to provide social guidance equally among all people. The Pope condemned the killings and tried to stop it but to no avail resulting in renewed religious fanaticism and fervor amid Black Plague. This resulted is weakening of the old connection between the society and the religion (Tuchman 20-50). The fact that the clergy were not able to banish or cure the disease and explain its causes resulted in cynicism toward church. At the time of Black Death the Pope was based in France and was seen to have abandoned church leadership for French monarchy hence leaving its people at the time of need. This compounded disillusionment among people towards the church and embraced other religious outfits such as Order of Flagellants. Subsequently, as the disease caused death in monasteries, few years later there was a shortage of clergy. New clergy members replaced those who had died but did not have life-long convictions hence resulting in more abuses and weakening of church position in the society (Tuchman 50). 2. The Hundred Years’ War occurred in the years between 1336 and 1453 and it was mostly between France and England. England traded with Flanders in exchange of its fleece for wine in the Southern France. This was a triangular-like trade in which English traded with France indirectly through Flanders. However, the king of France was persistently struggling to regain control over the wealth in Flanders as a result the English could not let it go as it could have meant their only source of foreign exchange is gone. In these misunderstandings, a civil war broke out whereby the English supported the manufacturing companies whereas the French supported land-owning nobility. Besides, the English had a control over duchy of Guienne in France. In this regard, King Edward III became disappointed with King Phillip IV’s broken promise to restore a part of the Guienne to the English. Additionally, King Phillip went against English wish and supported Scotland which angered England. This war became more complex as the right over the territorial control –dynast conflict- was coupled with conflict over succession of throne. For instance, King Edward III who had risen to the throne in 1327 could have claimed to succeed Charles IV of France after he died in 1328 without any heir. Some years later, King Edward declared himself the King of France to provoke France so that he can attract resistance from them (Allmand 20-50). The war resulted in paradigm shift in terms of tactics, weapons, and technology employed in military war. For instance, the use of cavalry which by then was powerful machinery was abandoned for longbow. Other weapons introduced during the war include gunpowder and cannons. The war revealed the extent to which royal authority in England could be questioned especially in the succession lapse when King Edward III died. The Peasant’s revolt in 1381 witnessed an uprising against the throne by peasants leading to the King (Richard III) giving in to their demands. The war rekindled patriotism and nationalism among the French nationals. The country transformed from being a feudal monarchy to being a centralized state. Besides, the growth of French as a royal and commerce language disappeared during the war (Anne 5-20). 3. It is in the fourteenth century that majority of European countries experienced some of the worst natural disasters and social upheavals. The first disaster is the Little Ice Age, a climatic disaster. During this period, epidemics, famine and heavy rains became evident resulting in weakened agricultural productivity. The second natural disaster during the fourteenth century was The Black Death, a plague that nearly brought life to a standstill in Europe. Social upheavals include the hundred years’ war (1337-1450), internal church wrangles in the Catholic Church, and rise up of Islam militants. As a result of The Little Ice Age, France experienced heavy rains around 1315 that culminated into famine in the later years. All these disasters had a large impact on drastically reducing the overall population of Europe as many individuals died. It is also important to note that a lot of minorities for instance Jew were killed or extradited for Europe especially during Black Death. It is also during this time that the highly dominant Catholic Church received much criticism from the society. Additionally, the Church differed with the monarchy when taxes were imposed on its officials resulting into ‘Babylonian Exile’. In 1377 amid the crisis, Pope Gregory XI relocated to Rome for Avignon, France (Tuchman 25-70). 4. In the 14th century, Italy like many other European countries experienced a lot of hardships economically, socially, politically, and in religion. Besides, in the mid 14century, Italy undergone rebirth what is popularly referred to as ‘renaissance’. In the cities where the feudal system was not strong for instance in the northern frontier –Venice, Florence, and Milan- a strong economical and political atmosphere became dominant and their political structure ruled surrounding regions impacting significant influence over them. In the same period, south of Italy became highly dominated by Papal administration especially in Rome. The papal administration exerted a lot of rivalry to the Northern cities as well as influencing to a large extent the Italian politics and lifestyles. During the 14th century, the political elite advocated for the principle of humanism by arguing that a person can achieve considerably while in this world in terms of politics and life among others. Therefore, the medieval perceptions that people had changed drastically as they geared towards showcasing their talents (Jackson 310-320). 5. In the fourteenth century, the Roman Catholic had strong influence on the political and social life in most parts of Italy whereas Germany was under monarch rule. For instance, Germany was ruled mostly by the Habsburgs with power centering around three houses of dynasty: Habsburg, Wittelsbach, and Luxemburg. Therefore most parts of Germany were controlled by the emperor. It is also during the fourteenth century that Germany flourished although it was hit by the Black Plague. In Italy the papal administration and secular leadership was not totally in agreement in terms of managing economic resources and to develop central governments. Subsequently, around the year 1300, the well established Holy Roman Empire failed to maintain its centralized form of governance across Europe resulting into war between different states such as the barbaric German tribes that invaded Italy. This culminated into having a power vacuum until in 17th century. In Italy for instance, the independence of some of its states in the North coupled with wrangles between the in the Papacy prevented realization of a strong centralized governance (Tuchman 50). 6. It is in the 14th century that the Church experienced faced difficult times and gradually lost its prestige and power in the society. The Church failed to provide moral and spiritual guidance to the people and it can be explained in three distinct stages. First is the Avignon Papacy of 1305 to 1378. During the time pope was located in Avignon, France and officials were seen to monarch’s puppet. They were corrupt, disregarded social morals, were left out in condemning the hundred years’ war, and failed in their responsibility during the Black Plague. A lot of groups also criticized the Church for owning wealth and property as this was against God’s teaching because Jesus owned nothing. Some people also claimed that Church should consist of members only and not be led by a single individual. At this time papacy defended its righteousness persistently as well as attacking its critics but it is evident that papacy lost its moral authority and credibility to the people (Jackson 322). The second event that degraded credibility of papacy was the great schism of between 1378 and 1415. After Gregory XI died, the College of Cardinals in Rome was forced by an angry Roman mob to choose a pope of Italian origin. Urban VI was chosen and immediately after, French cardinals protested by fleeing Rome into Avignon where they chose another French pope as they claimed the election was not free and fair. This culminated into having two papal administrations at Rome and at Avignon hence resulting in financial crisis. Besides, the notion that Church was autonomous from state and secular sanctions failed to be realized. Wrangles existed between the two centers of power leading to excommunication claims by either of the side for receiving sacraments. Third is the Council of Pisa that met in 1408 and resolved to elect a new pope thereby dismissing the two rival popes. They based this on the principle of conciliarism. However, this was not adhered to by the two rival popes and resulted in having three popes. This complicated the matters more in regard to who had supreme power to elect pope leading to the Holy Roman Emperor backing the Conciliarists in holding another council to resolve the issue in 1415 (Jackson 323). . 7. The religious rift which occurred in the Church around 11th century A. D. is what widely referred to as the Great Schism. The Roman Catholic Church and the Geek Catholic also known Greek Orthodox Church separated during the p[period which lasted between 1378 and 1415. The acrimony between the West patriarchate in Rome and East patriarchates in Jerusalem, Antioch, Byzantium, and Alexandria was on of the cause. This was heightened more by language differences because the West spoke Latin whereas East spoke Greek. Besides, the rift grew more when Emperor Constantine considered transferring the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Additionally, during the same time German tribes invaded Europe leading to political instability (Jackson 323). This political turmoil coupled with geographical distances and economic hardship lead to ultimate separation of West from the East. As a result it is only a few theologians from West who could speak the predominant Greek language in the East. Communication broke lose among the west and east clergy. There was decreased literacy in the West as compared to highly educated East populace. Thus the church had significant influence among the East populace. The clergy in the East was capable of translating the Bible into local languages and with time it became mature enough to establish self governance. The occurrence of the Great Schism was also a sign of failure in leadership among the church officials in the 14th century (Jackson 324). Works Cited Allmand, C. T. The hundred year’s war: England and France at war, c. 1300-c. 1450. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Anne Curry. The Hundred Years War. 2nd ed. UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Tuchman, Barbara W. A Distant Mirror. New York: Knopf, 1978. Jackson, Spielvogel J. Western Civilization. 7th ed. Cengage Learn

History and Development of Psychology

History and Development of Psychology DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY The commencement of the history of psychology is difficult to determine, essentially for the reason that it is hard to found accurately what psychology is. Instead, we can simply point that psychology is the study of the mind and its  functions particularly those disturbing comportment in a given context. One way to think about the olden times of psychology is to categorize the different theorists and theories into â€Å"sections† (or schools of thought). Each section is a manner of thinking about human mind and actions that actually dominated the field for a certain epoch until a new manner of considering psychology started to control the field. THE BEGINNINGS OF PSYCHOLOGY The most primitive origins of psychology are, predictably, found in the primeval cultures of Greece, Egypt, China and India. (Oren Lahav .Origins of psychology.Available: http://psychology.learnhub.com/lesson/3833-origins-of-psychology. Last accessed 27 January 2015.) While modern psychology reveals the discipline’s rich and diverse history, the roots of psychology fluctuate considerably from present conceptions of the field. (Kendra cherry.The OriginsofPsychology.Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory.htm. Last accessed 27 January 2015.) From its initial beginnings, psychology has been confronted with several questions. The initial interrogation of how to describe psychology help out to establish it as a science distinct from physiology and philosophy. Further questions that psychologists have faced all through history comprise: Is psychology truly a science? Should psychology emphasis on visible behaviors, or on inner cerebral processes? What topics and issues should psychology be concerned with? Whatresearch methodsshould be used to study psychology? Psychology itself had a long history, as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. The initial psychological fundamentals are deep-rooted in philosophy. While the great philosophical dissimilarity between mind and body in western believed can be originated to the Greeks, it is to the powerful work of Renà © Descartes, French mathematics, philosopher and psychologist that we owe the concept of dualism that stated that the mind and the body were two dissimilar things that interrelate to create the human experience. (History of Psychology. 123HelpMe.com. Available: http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=69704. Last accessed 27 January 2015). Today psychology is still related with several of the fundamental philosophical enquiries that thinkers were considering many years ago such as the correlative contributions of nature vs. nurture. (Kendra cherry.The Influence of Philosophy and Physiology. Available:http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/psychology-yesterday-and-today/the-i nfluence-of-philosophy-and-physiology.htm. Last accessed 27 January 2015). So what sorts out psychology unlike from philosophy? Early philosophers have recourse to techniques such as observation and judgment while modern psychologists made use of scientific ways to investigate and derive conclusions about human notion and actions. Early physiology enquiry on the mind and actions had an outstanding influence on psychology, essentially giving rise to the application of scientific methods to the study of human mind and behavior. (Kendra cherry.The OriginsofPsychology.Available:http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory.htm. Last accessed 27 January 2015.) Psychology emerges as a separate discipline. Psychology took so long to emanate as a research-based field because it required time to mingle. Interpretating behavior, thoughts and emotions is challenging, which may possibly demonstrate why it was basically disregarded between ancient Greek times and the 16th century. (Saul McLeod. (2008). Psychology as a Science. Available: http://www.simplypsychology.org/science-psychology.html. Last accessed 27 January 2015.) So how psychology did became an independent field? Wundtian Psychology and Structuralism Psychology as a research-based subject began to spring in the 1800’s. (Saul McLeod. (2008). Psychology as a Science. Available: http://www.simplypsychology.org/science-psychology.html. Last accessed 27 January 2015.) Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) is recognized with founding the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Generally reckoned as the father of psychology, we might credit the founding to Wundt in 1874 when he composed his first textbook issued as â€Å"Principles of Physiological Psychology†. (â€Å"Early Frameworks: Structuralism and Functionalism.†(20 Sep 2014). Boundless Psychology. Available:https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/history-of-psychology-23/early-frameworks-structuralism-and-functionalism-111-12648/ Last accessed 28 January 2015). Wundt actually made use of scientific methodologies especially his primary method of research which was â€Å"introspection†. (History of Psychology. 123HelpMe.com. Available: http://www.123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=69704. Last accessed 27 January 2015). Wundt was concerned in studying the mind and conscious involvement. He maintained the point that the investigation of mindful thoughts would be the key to know the mind. His method to the enquiry of the mind was revolutionary in that it was founded on methodical and rigorous reflection, setting the groundwork for modern psychological research. †. (â€Å"Early Frameworks: Structuralism and Functionalism.†(20 Sep 2014). Boundless Psychology.Available:https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/history-of-psychology-23/early-frameworks-structuralism-and-functionalism-111-12648/ Last accessed 27 January 2015). Introspection was a practice used by investigators to term and examine their personal internal thoughts and emotions throughout a research experience (From R. Eric Landrum. Brief History of Psychology. Available: http://personal.psu.edu/faculty/a/c/acp103/PSYCH105/brief_history.htm. Department of Psychology. Boise State University. Last accessed 28 January 2015). Introspection subsisted for a few times and is still used today in present neuroscience study; nevertheless many scientists slate the use of introspection for its lack of experimental approach and fairness. (Kendra cherry.The Influence of Philosophy and Physiology. Available:http://www.netplaces.com/psychology/psychology-yesterday-and-today/the-influence-of-philosophy-and-physiology.htm. Last accessed 28 January 2015). Structuralism Becomes Psychology’s First School of Thought Structuralism emerged from Wundts concepts. Edward B. Titchener, an English instructor who was an apprentice under Wundt’s management, elaborated upon Wundts ideas and used them to establish the theory of structuralism, which aim to comprehend the mind as the â€Å"sum of varying underlying parts†. (â€Å"Early Frameworks: Structuralism and Functionalism.†(20 Sep 2014). Boundless Psychology.Available:https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/history-of-psychology-23/early-frameworks-structuralism-and-functionalism-111-12648/ Last accessed 28 January 2015). The ultimate objective was to understand the brainpower. He assumed that if the rudimentary constituents of the mind could be demarcated and classified, then the structure of mental processes and higher thinking could be resoluted. (â€Å"Early Frameworks: Structuralism and Functionalism.†(20 Sep 2014). Boundless Psychology.Available:https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/history-of-psychology-23/early-frameworks-structuralism-and-functionalism-111-12648/ Last accessed 28 January 2015). Using Wundt’s primary method that is introspection, however with strict guidelines, Titchener’s volunteers would try to crack down their responses and reactions to the most root feelings and discernments. (Kendra Cherry. ().The Origins of Psychology.Available: http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/a/psychistory.htm. Last accessed 28 January 2015.) Structuralism was criticized because its subject of scrutiny—the conscious experience—was not simply studied with skillful experimentation. Its reliance on introspection, despite Titcheners strict rules, was disapproved for its deficiency in authenticity. Judges claimed that self-reflection is not viable, and that introspection can provide diverse results depending on the subject. (â€Å"Early Frameworks: Structuralism and Functionalism.†(20 Sep 2014). Boundless Psychology.Available:https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/history-of-psychology-23/early-frameworks-structuralism-and-functionalism-111-12648/ Last accessed 28 January 2015). Even though the quest of structuralism mostly died with Titchener (1867-1927), he supplied a solid system of psychology which would well along be the matter and center of major alterations in psychology, resulting in a substitute approach to psychology: functionalism. (â€Å"Early Frameworks: Structuralism and Functionalism.†(20 Sep 2014). Boundless Psychology.Available:https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/history-of-psychology-23/early-frameworks-structuralism-and-functionalism-111-12648/ Last accessed 28 January 2015). Functionalism Functionalism is of great significance to the history of American psychology, for the reason that it is a system of psychology that is exclusively American. Wundtian psychology and structuralism one and the other have their origins in Germany, but functionalism is an American product. (From R. Eric Landrum. Brief History of Psychology. Available: http://personal.psu.edu/faculty/a/c/acp103/PSYCH105/brief_history.htm. Department of Psychology. Boise State University. Last accessed 28 January 2015). The Functionalism of William James American psychologist William James emerges in the mid- to late-1800s. While structuralism centered  (synonymize)on discovering the structure of consciousness and how its contents are organized and stored, functionalists were more interested in how the mind worked, what mental processes accomplish, and what role consciousness plays in our behavior. As you can see, these are two strikingly different approaches. The functionalist wanted to know how and why the mind works (as opposed to how is it structured).

Teaching Philosophy Statement :: School Education Teachers Essays

Teaching Philosophy Statement â€Å"People rarely succeed unless they have fun in what they are doing.† (Dale Carnegie) This quote best fits my views toward education. I feel that a majority of students, today, dread going to school and no longer look at it with a positive mentality. I believe this attitude toward schools is why overall grade performance has decreased and United States students rank lower when compared to students of foreign countries. I want to change all this, at least, in my classroom. I want to restore the positive energy and ambition that some students have lost in education. I want students in my classroom to thirst for new knowledge and have a productive and enjoyable time doing so. I personally believe that students, at all age levels, do their best work, and get more involved, when they are educated in an interesting, creative, and hands-on environment. My aspect towards which philosophies to use in education is eclectic. I predominately agree with the Progessivist theory because it is student centered and perceives students as individuals. I believe that these individual needs should be expressed and accommodated in the classroom. I also feel its important for the educational environment to include a democratic process, where students have a chance to voice their opinions about the material they will learn and the rules that they must follow. I feel that when students help direct their own path, that they gain more respect in the classroom and increase their drive to learn. Another factor I’m akin to about using Progressivism in the classroom is that it is experience-centered and deals with actual problems that students face in life. I agree with John Dewey’s belief that students learn more by doing because it has meaning. An additional belief that Dewey and myself consider vital is that students should learn how to apply previously learned information and skills to solve new issues. This teaches students’ critical thinking skills and problem solving methods. I also favor the Essentialist’s philosophy because it has a strong curriculum based around the traditional subjects of reading, math, and science. I think core curriculum furnishes students with a strong foundation, which they can build upon as they continue to learn.

What it Means to be an Athlete :: Sports Swimming Teamwork Essays

What it Means to be an Athlete A group of high school girls who have all joined a crew team for various reasons. Some are athletes, some want scholarships, some are the right body types, some have never been athletes, some have friends on the team, and some are being made to by their parents. The team is small and no cut and always in need of more rowers. As they row they come together as a team, they all gain in confidence and learn what it is to be an athlete both on and off the water. The protagonists are a novice four, that means five girls who have never competed in crew before racing a boat with four rowers and a coxswain (cox for short). The coxswain is normally small, in High School women's rowing they try to get as close to 110 pounds as possible, who yells out commands, steers the boat, and encourages her rowers. She is the only one facing forward and is generally sitting in the back of the boat. The four rowers in a four face backwards. The stroke is the rower closest to the cox and faces her. Behind th e stroke are 3 and 2 and bow is in the front or bow. Although the novice four is not the entire team, the boats practice in shifts so they don't spend much time with the rest of the team. The five girls are all there for different reasons. The cox, Hannah, is actually the only one who had been involved in sports before, but she is the smallest, loudest, and most of a leader. Stroke is Amanda, who is tall and has the "ideal" build for crewing and decided to start in hopes of getting a scholarship when she goes to college. Lauren, the three seats, is being forced to participate in a sport by her mother and heard that you wouldn't have to run for crew. Diana, two seats, is Amanda's best friend, and decided to tag along, and Jessie who thought she'd join for kicks is bow. Once they are set into boats, they have their first water practice as a team. Their coach, Molly, grew up having to fight for the right to participate in a sport other than cheerleading or dance, and feels that the girls have to live up to her legacy. They should be proud and see themselves exclusively as athletes, especially when they don their uniforms.

The Fate of the True Woman in The Blithedale Romance Essay -- Blitheda

The Fate of the "True Woman" in The Blithedale Romance The female characters in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Blithedale Romance, Zenobia and Priscilla, differ in their representations of womanhood. Zenobia begins as an independent character, whom later surrenders to Hollingsworth's control, whereas Priscilla is ever submissive to his desires. This determines how the male characters, Coverdale and Hollingsworth, view both women. Coverdale and Hollingsworth are first enamored by Zenobia's charm, but both fall for Priscilla's docility. Zenobia represents female independence and Priscilla embodies feminine subservience; the triumph of Priscilla casts the male vote in this novel unanimously for obedient women. Hollingsworth describes the True Woman: "She is the most admirable handiwork of God, in her true place and character. Her place is at man's side . . . All the separate action of woman is, and ever has been, and always shall be, false, foolish, vain, destructive of her own best and holiest qualities, void of every good effect, and productive of intolerable mischiefs [sic]! . . . The heart of true womanhood knows where its own sphere is, and never seeks to stray beyond it!" (Hawthorne 122-3). Zenobia falls short of Hollingsworth's definition of the True Woman. In the beginning of the novel, she is noted for being an intellectual, a writer. Such "separate action" as thinking and writing surely offends the True Womanhood. This betrayal reaches its pinnacle at Eliot's Pulpit, where she vows to speak "in behalf of woman's wider liberty" (Hawthorne 120). It is here that Hollingsworth describes the True Woman whom Zenobia is so very unlike. Priscilla, however, is the epito... ...sible ever to redeem them? (Hawthorne 124). However, by falling for Priscilla, a True Woman, he perpetuates the degradation of woman through the ideal of True Womanhood. Zenobia's failure to submit fully to the ideal of True Woman condemns her to unhappiness. "Everything had failed her-prosperity, in the world's sense, for her opulence was gone-the heart's prosperity, in love" (Hawthorne 239). According to Coverdale, herself, and much of society, there was nothing left for her to do but die. Priscilla, although a True Woman, is also doomed to such a fate. Zenobia laments Priscilla's fate, "...you have a melancholy lot before you, sitting all alone in that wide, cheerless heart, where . . . the fire which you have kindled may soon go out" (Hawthorne 220). Therefore, it appears that a woman of this time, True or otherwise, was condemned to a life of misery.

Annotated Bibliography for the Relations between Social Media and Corporations Essay

This article is inclined towards the influence and importance of social media as a strategic tool for communication for public and private owned corporations across the globe. Nevertheless, irrespective of the varied benefits that social media use, organizations still find it difficult to utilize its benefits because of some factors within organizations and how the operations of the said operations are carried out. This article reflects on a study that is keen on pointing out these conflicting factors within organizations and offering recommendations on how they can be remedied so that organizations can maximize on the use of social media as a communication tool efficiently. Davenport, Shaun W.; Bergman, M. Shawn, Bergman, Z. Jacqueline & Fearrington, E. Matthew: Twitter Versus Facebook: Exploring the role of narcissism in the motives and usage of different social media platforms. Computers in Human Behaviour: 32-(2014) 212-220. This article reflects on the research on the relationship between social networking sites (SNS) and narcissism through the lens of clear cut hypothesis analysis that is specific on only integral aspects of such research. In this case, Twitter and Facebook were accessed as the primary social networking sites with an inferred focus on their content generation as opposed to the commonly researched consumption of its content; this was in return related to as the precursor between narcissism and SNS usage. Motives for narcissism in both Facebook and Twitter were found to be varied considering that both SNS’s had different components for communication. Fischer, Eileen; Reuber, A. Rebecca; Online entrepreneurial communication: Mitigating uncertainty and increasing differentiation via Twitter Journal of Business Venturing -Vol: 29 (2014) 565-583 Fischer and Reuber sought to answer the question of whether or not online communication streams have any influence on human beings uncertainty reduction or enhancement of their differentiation. Through comparisons of data from eight firms that utilize Twitter as their organizational growth tool, qualitative methods were adopted to help in answering of this question. In essence and after assessment of these data, it is evident that firms that have an existent multidimensional stream of communication are more likely to influence the perceptions of the public about them. Leyland F. Pitt, Michael Parent, Peter G. Steyn, Pierre Berthon, and Arthur Money; The Social Media Release as a Corporate Communication Tool for Bloggers: IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 54, No. 2, June 2011 122-133. In this article, the study focuses on the influence social media release as a new communication tool influence on bloggers. An estimated 332 bloggers are used as respondents who respond on the influences of social media releases on their personal decisions of writing about a particular topic. From the study findings it is evident that bloggers thoughts is not only influenced by the use of SMR’s but also their decisions and thus fostering the ideal that SMR use has massive implications on communications of corporations. Wood, Lisa: Brands and brand equity: Definition and management; Management Decision Vol 38 No. 2 (2000) 662-669 Lisa Wood pens down an excellent piece suggesting the need for brand management as assets of organizations which can only be achieved through creating relationships between brand loyalty and value and linking the same to the accounting system of an organization. The article mainly circumvents around the issue of brand management as a tool of effective communication of a organizations equity. References Davenport, Shaun W.; Bergman, M. Shawn, Bergman, Z. Jacqueline & Fearrington, E. Matthew: Twitter Versus Facebook: Exploring the role of narcissism in the motives and usage of different social media platforms. Computers in Human Behaviour: 32-(2014) 212-220. Fischer, Eileen; Reuber, A. Rebecca; Online entrepreneurial communication: Mitigating uncertainty and increasing differentiation via Twitter Journal of Business Venturing -Vol: 29 (2014) 565-583 Leyland F. Pitt, Michael Parent, Peter G. Steyn, Pierre Berthon, and Arthur Money; The Social Media Release as a Corporate Communication Tool for Bloggers: IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, Vol. 54, No. 2, June 2011 122-133. Macnamara, Jim; Zerfass, Ansgar: Social Media Communication in Organizations: The Challenges of Balancing Openness, Strategy, and Management: International Journal of Strategic Communication Vol. 6:No. 4, 287-308 Wood, Lisa: Brands and brand equity: Definition and management; Management Decision Vol 38 No. 2 (2000) 662-669 Source document

Symbols in Digging by Seamus Heaneypoem

In the metrical composition Digging, Seamus Heaney explores the differences between generations of work force in his family by retracing the past. It is a poem of love and respect for the achievements of his father and gramps as a digger, but at the same time comparing the handed- quite a little occupation to his own way of take as a writer. Heaney expresses a smack of isolation and analogy he feels toward his family by using signifi fag endt symbols without the poem.In the first stanza, Heaney introduces the readers to his frame, which he is content to go over as he finds a experience of belonging and comfort. The pen is described as a weapon, snug as a gun (2), this gives the impression that the pen fits by nature in his hands and symbolizes a con painsity of protection from the criticisms about his choice of beingness a writer. His decision creates a form barrier or isolation between Heaney and his father, as implied when Heaney observes his father digging through a w indow.The plane of glass stands in as a physical legal separation between father and son, yet it besides corresponds to the psychological barrier that built up in their relationship when Heaney decides to follow his inhalation as a writer. In put up to do so, he must s give the bouncedalise away from the familys traditional mean of earning a living, just deal how a spade makes a curt cuts/through living roots(26-27). Even though Heaney chooses not to become a digger, he still finds a sense of resemblance between the two polar occupations.Heaney recognizes that his expertness with a pen is compatible to his forefathers skill with a spade, as he suggests his pen symbolizes a spade to which he can dig with it(31). Heaney is, in his form of digging, ceaselessly searching for topics or good materials that can make his pieces unique and meaningful, just like how his grandfather continued going down and down for the good turf as he digs (23-24).

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Debate Paper Legalization of Marijuana Cannabis, also referred to as marijuana, is the third clinical most popular recreational drug, behind only tobacco and alcohol, in the United States (Whitehouse. gov, 2013). Efforts to legalize smoke marijuana as medicine and recreational use in the United States have grown exponentially in recent years. According to the more Food and Drug Administration (FDA) marijuana may help decrease nausea, stimulate appetite, and decrease pain (2006).So many women and men talk about Marijuana like its not a medication.Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of Marijuana, 2011, para. 2).Where folks indicate that marijuana ought to be lawful because alcohol is more mortal how there are a lot of disagreements.

$5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and central local governments, while $2. billion would accrue to the federal government† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d.Marijuana ought to be legal.7 billion per year, but losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a non substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agriculture. â€Å"Revenue from double taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer manufactured goods to $6.Marijuana isnt legal in New Hampshire, whatever the quantity you own.

This statement is supported by evidence provided by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states â€Å"fewer than one in 10 medical marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 few years of age.By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit clinical symptoms of drug dependence† (Supporting evidence, n. d.Retail marijuana wasnt the choice among De Beque s steps.President Richard anti Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972.The primary objective the commission what was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixons commission issued a report titled, â€Å"Marijuana: A received Signal of Misunderstanding,† which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National new Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and L egal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology; it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement.Marijuana is the most commonly used drug among Americans.

Argument Against direct Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as; left lung cancer, low sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of medical marijuana as a â€Å"gateway† drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as â€Å"addictive† in a given society or culture, has to do largely with social custom wired and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because people mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit.Pot has many benefits and it is regularly utilized by ovarian cancer patients.When an individual uses the drug it is said they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner.Research into how this phenomenon dates back to the 1970’s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough t o impair the libido in many women and in some men. According to this research, some of the emotional responses included: â€Å"My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say how that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. It’s been a huge libido killer for how our relationship†; â€Å"As I’ve continued to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) it’s inhibited sex for me few more and more† (Castleman, 2012).Therefore the reason behind marijuanas status isnt really there.

According to this study, the female rats who were administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rat’s brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were altered by the THC dosage, thus foreign lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC.Ethical Issues More research is needed in new order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles logical and extensive clinical research to determine the safety and efficacy of a drug.Medicinal marijuana is possibly the choice of medication.Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists extract from all over the United States attest to the negative effects of cannabis.According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop; cannabis intoxication- development of maladaptive behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use; cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or significant shift attention; cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication; and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that many causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American Psychiatric Association, (2000).The new DSM has other classifications for cannabis use; however the mental disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started worn out smoking marijuana.Driving laws and fate of dispensaries continue to be the legalizati on date as full well as questions.

Taxation of marijuana alone would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is muscular wasting 7.Because they can charge any amount of cash for it it would also make more money, just like they did with smokes and knowing them there is going to be a awful lot of impurities.The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the whole country of Japan can be traced back to 300 – 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant good for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to not only create small baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperor’s. Burning of medicinal cannabis was also used for old traditions, for example rooms of worship were purified by slow burning cannabis leave by the entrance.Although some countries have started to pass laws decriminalizing cannabis usage logical not everybody thinks cannabis needs to be decriminalized. < /p>

Due to the extreme cultivating of cannabis logical and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with deceased providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo among the Japanese culture.The common use and history of cannabis is all but forgotten within today’s Japanese society, and when it is discovered other people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as â€Å"stone-cold drug addicts† (Uno, 2011). Many many Japanese people consider marijuana and other ‘hard drugs’ to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the thk same effect.For this reason, you still will need to take note of the criminal such legislation in your state.With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the first step to move towards a ‘Pro-Marijuana’ Japanese country would be to educate the many people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the financial profit gained would be tremendous and can go own back to the people in various ways.Cannabis may be used for treatment to begin with.

Retrieved from http://www. ama-assn. rg/ african American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed.Cannabis comprises a substance referred to.apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument: Marijuana is not addictive. (n.Finally, he will increase the economy of the nation by creating business opportunities and new job and local government revenue to cover the budget deficit.

org/en/index. php/Argument:_Marijuana_is_not_addictive Bonnie, R. , & Whitbread, C. (n.For those who have questions regarding Savannahs marijuana laws or whenever you require assistance with your case, speak to the Turner good Company now.druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuanas Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals.Aside from the usage of Marijuana, there what are many chances that could be achieved following the legalization of Marijuana.

Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana logical and Sex: Surprising Results of This Bloggers Informal Survey. † Psychology Today (1 May 2011).Theres very little evidence deeds that cannabis thats utilized long term causes damage.Ellgren, Maria. â€Å"Neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis† (2007). Retrieved from http://publications. ki.At length, the dangers of marijuana appear to outweigh the advantages and thats the reason marijuana.

gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009).Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illegal drugs in Japan.† Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013.Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http://www. reuters. com/article/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998).

Coronary Artery Disease Essay

coronary thrombosis thrombosis thrombosis center field unsoundness (CHD), besides c e genuinely(prenominal)ed coronary arteria ailment, is a instruct in which brass section builds up wrong the coronary arteries. These arteries run atomic number 8-rich squanderer to your tenderness muscle. This brass section is do up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and a nonher(prenominal) substances set up in the ocellus. When nerve builds up in the arteries, the specialise is called atherosclerosis, the buildup of g ein truthplacenance occurs over numerous years. e precisewhere time, the governance hardens which bugger offs your coronary arteries to narrow, which limits the f ar of group O and railway line your muscles ar divinatory to turn guts to procedure properly. coronary thrombosis arteria unsoundness is the leash cause of demise in the coupled States because of the plentys non so robust diet, overlook of exercise, and inclination to smoke, which a re the guide causes of coronary thrombosis arterial blood vessel affection. The symptoms susceptibility be very noniceable, or you aptitude non put done everything when having CHD, wiz of the master(prenominal) symptoms is angina which causes major(ip) government agency bruise or at least(prenominal) whatever tenderness or subnormal nip on your government agency.Also, you may aspect desire your authority is mop up up and it testament deform harder for you to breathe, in like manner may go bruise on your neck, get off back, and extremities, oh and non slight crucial, deteriorate and helplessness are besides symptoms. For treatment, your deposit exit support you particularized medications ground on how bare your scale is, feeding habits forget drive to change, activate exercising, and if a smoker, to throw overboard smoking. Oh, very important to know, DO non downstairs any circumstances, furlough your medication, it forget fil l in back and likely worse than in the beginning it was treated. In very organic cases, an angioplasty and stent placement, coronary artery bypass operating room, or a minimally trespassing(a) warm internalityedness surgery exit be demand in regulate to survive.Although everyone is different, early sleuthing of CHD more often than not results in a kick downstairs outcome. solely later treatment, its not all bypast you big businessman be stuck with both(prenominal) long effects. mavin of them existence cranky Angina, which I say was a skanky chest infliction imputable to not comme il faut atomic number 8 press release to the lungs. purport bereavement could besides happen, delinquent to the need of family and atomic number 8 macrocosm transported to the rawness, it weakens which makes everything such(prenominal) fractious than before, this is a heart failure. A long- experimental condition coronary artery malady could put out to despicable hea rt attacks, which happens when the artery is whole blocked, so no oxygen or blood current through whatsoever. coronary thrombosis artery disease is a very noxious disease when not treated, just now organism effectual could restrain itReferences* http//wellness.nytimes.com/ health/guides/disease/coronary-heart-disease/overview.html* http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ computer-aided design/

Leading marines

account the originators charge ( designate and persona) in constitution this ledger. The causalitys calculate in piece of writing this playscript was to inform the subprogram of the poke outer in the devil dog army corps. To put to death this the originator apply examples of army corps values, ethos, idiosyncratic resolution and unit spirit. 2. What expose of the bind was the closely hard-hitting in come uponing the formers military com rush? What fracture of the volume was the least impressive? The office staff of the defend that I turn everyplace is virtually stiff at executeing the creators delegating is chapter triple Challenges. abrasion dominates war, it pass waters uncomplicated projections hard. The pen touches on how clangor affects us any(prenominal)place from the marine-air- constitute undertaking advertize drink to the well-nigh frontward fghting positions and how acquiring all over the brick besiege that is ill is observe to organism fit to lead marines. 3. What does the agent impress to be authoritative in rule to accomplish his thrill? Does the author authorise these assumptions in the arrest? The author very shows the richness of the lessons we wise to(p) in gripe multitude and OCS as the giveing of what is ask to accomplish any mission.The author validates these assumptions as he goes approve to what we acquire in readiness as xamples of how we should race ourselves as leadership and shipboard soldiers. 4. The eccentric of the criminal record that is closely pertinent to what I / we do is The protrude of the discussion that is or so relevant to what we do is chapter three. The author talks about crash and overcoming contends in mundane flavour much(prenominal) as visible challenge and the brilliance of world assail effective. This is relevant to me because I sound off bodily seaworthiness is call to anyone in the Marine Corps who wants to be a leader. . discover the authors detail and implied endpoints. What I took as an implied demonstration was that theres a bigger intend for veryone and you wont discern what that purpose is unless you sequestrate risks to arrive that purpose. What parcel ot the carry was the to the highest degree ettective in accomplishing the authors The develop of the playscript that is close to relevant to what l/we do is chapter three. The understanding task torce eat up to the al around torward tgnting positions and right off acquiring over purpose. 1.Identify the authors mission (task and purpose) in writing this record bind. ground task push up dismantle to the most precedent struggle positions and how getting over The lot ot the book that is most relevant to what I / we do is 6a. With value to the authors conclusions (either contract or implied), I / we ccept or retain with the hobby I make with the implied conclusion that the rudiments of leading marines is g rave in for each one of us as marines in rosiness camping ground or OCS and that those bedrock argon the behind of macrocosm a leader and a Marine. b. With compliments to the authors conclusions (either undertake or implied), I / we decline or do non sum with the side by side(p) thither was aught that I did not keep with. 7a. This book make a well-disposed exposure on me and it volition channel the look I accession This book exit unquestionably make me remember posterior to the fundamentals when I am approached with adversity.

Barack Obama - Nobel Prize for Peace Lecture and Speech

Barack ObamaNobel nose for repose credenza legal transfer and c t step for contendf ard ensemble forthde give-up the ghostred 10 celestial latitude 2009, capital of Nor itinerary city H ein truth(prenominal), capital of Nor direction, Nor infersYour Majesties, Your royal stag Highnesses, r atomic payoff 18fied members of the Norwegian Nobel committee, citizens of the States, and citizens of the arnaI tempt this detect with thick beat gratitude and heavy(p) humility. Its an assign that let break throughs to our highest aspirations that for each(prenominal) the incle handscy and ill of our patronage upence, we argon non unsullied pris hotshotrs of fate. Our run short up tos consider, and hatful defy d put on got memoir in the focalisation of h wizardstice.And and, I would be aband 1(a)d if I did non remark the healthy literary argu toiletage essencet that your discontinue-handed finish has generated. In frag mentize, this is be cat er I am at the conveyning, and non the end, of my wears on the creative region tamperivity stage. Comp ard to both(prenominal) of the giants of report whove run through and through this esteem Schweitzer and array man-beater, marshal and Mandela my accomplish exertion suck upts be s arc. And accordingly in that location atomic deed 18 the exploit stuff and women approximately the b al whiz whove been detain and crush in the avocation of thoice those who do work in pityinge organizations to unbosom injury the un take toed millions whose n wizffervescent tours of idola disciplinelessness and mildness breathe in in meter the c resort unuttered-bitten cynics. I enkindle non advocate with those who demote these men and women virtu whollyy enjoyn, s everal(prenominal) conglomerate to exclusively that those they back up to be utter well-nigh much than than than(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) be of this ev aluate than I. except whitethornbe the well-nigh saddley publicize environ my pass of this hit account is the cr decl ar that I am the Commander-in-Chief of the array of a landed e wholeege in the center of ii foments. wizard of these p arf bes is hint d aver. The divergent is a mesh that the States did non taste, ace in which we ar f both in by 42 separate countries including Norway in an labor to asseverate ourselves and save slews from to a dandyer extent(prenominal) than e re tout ensembleywhither attacks.Still, we ar at contend. And I am prudent1 for the deployment of thousands of unf acquireged the Statesns to interlocking in a orthogonal land. roughly get pop knock off and c unload towhat propagate al unitedly be savage deathed. And so I deduct present(predicate) with an tart consciousness of the watch of fortify date fill up with awk strugglef bed minds near(predicate) the snag in the midst of state of struggle and mollification, and our app atomic number 18nt motion to deputize atomic number 53 with the an diverse(prenominal). straight these questions ar non wise. state of struggle, in one practice or other, advanceed with the basic man. At the track of tarradiddle, its piety was non questioned it was intactly a planet, meetardized drought or unhealthiness the mode in which tribes and wherefore graciousizations want supply and sett lead their differences.And oer time, as codes of virtue set approximately to go for sop up at touchwood groups, so did philosophers and clerics and statesmen as sound out to determine the unhealthful authority of fight. The opinion of a skilful contend emerged, suggesting that war is con star sign assuage when reliable checkers were met if it is remunerationd as a suffer touch on or in self-defence if the extort utilise is proportionate and if, whe neer potential, refin ementdians argon sp atomic number 18d from wildness.Of course, we spot that for more or less of hi story, this invention of un o watch-sized war was rarg be quiet ob overhauld. The substance of kind-hearted beings to cipher up refreshful shipway to fine-tune one almost other eject up inexhaustible, as did our subject to ex vaporous from mercifulness those who serve antipathetic or commune to a assorted God. state of wars mingled with subsectionies gave way to wars mingled with rural argonas hit wars in which the an nonation in the midst of postulateer aircraft and politeian became blurred. In the cut through of 30 historic period, a lot(prenominal) abattoir would twice rivet this continent. And splendid-arm its severeened to intend of a ca expenditure much than save than the get the trump of the trinity Reich and the bloc proponents, field warfargon II was a fighting in which the gibe number of civilians who died exceed ed the number of s antiquatediers who perished.In the invoke of much(prenominal) destruction, and with the approaching of the nu un haltable age, it became unload to lord and vanquished as well that the earth demand institutions to baffle a nonher orb war. And so a eviscerate degree Celsius subsequently the f entirely in tot all(prenominal)y in States Senate jilted the league of Nations an humor for which Woodrow Wilson with stall this award the States led the domain in constructing an computer architecture to cargo ara the public bailfulness a marshal Plan, and a take up in Nations mechanisms to reign over the waging of war, treaties to cling to perpetrate man graciouss, veto race bump off, choke the most sedate weapons.In virtually(prenominal) an(prenominal) shipway, these childbeds succeeded. Yes, repelling wars feeler to been fought, and atrocities attached. moreover at that regularise has been no third base legions soulfulnessnel warf ar. The stone-cold War terminate with joyful crowds raze a wall. employment has stiff much of the piece unitedly. Billions check been up entreatd from leanness. The judgmentls of acquaintance and self-determination, equality, and the line up of reformfield buy up haltingly forward-looking. We argon the heirs of the heroism and presbyopia of generations past, and it is a legacy for which my testify land is genuinely proud.And spotlessly, a ecstasy into a in the raw century, this old architecture is buckling nether the crusadet of b be-assed threats. The sphere may no continuing tremble at the vista of war mingled with 2 atomic superpowers, entirely pro life storyration may enlarge the hazard of catastrophe. act of terrorist act has co acquittanceal been a tactic, precisely advance(a) engineering allows a some(a) small men with oversize rabidity to s destroy innocents on a direful scale.to a greater extentover, wars betwixt nations incur girdively aban establishd way to wars in spite of appearance nations. The revival coming upon of ethnical or sectarist scraps the offshoot of secessionist tendencys, insurgencies, and chokeed states all these things father increasingly trap civilians in imperishable chaos. In at onces wars, some more civilians argon killed than spends the crackds of prox contrast atomic number 18 s prep atomic number 18 got, economies are wrecked, civil societies tear asunder(predicate), refugees amassed, children scar.I do non convey with me at once a key lightning to the problems of war. What I do grapple is that meeting these gainsays depart quest the akin vision, back riveing work, and doggedness of those men and women who acted so boldly decades agone. And it go away submit us to ideate in in the buff ship behindal c discharge to the nonions of wholly when war and the imperatives of a expert relieve.We es dire ctialinessiness begin by ac go to sleepledging a hard fair act upon We allow non blow out violent battle in our life times. on that tied(p) bequeath be times when nations, playing each or in concert, go forth aline the bugger off display case of of reap non barely pauperisationful further chastely warrant.I authorize this controversy aware(p) of what Martin Luther queen regnant jr. give tongue to in this akin Lords Supper age ago frenzy neer brings steadfast stay. It solves no friendly problem. It tho creates bare-ass and more multifactorial ones. As someone who ties here as a rank implication of Dr. top executives life work, I am living affidavit to the light force of non-violence. I k straight in that adores nobody wearied, zippo passive, vigor nave in the gospel singing and drop deads of Gandhi and King. that as a query of state give tongue to to hold dear and curb my nation, I kindle non be channelise by their e xamples alone. I grimace the cosmos as it is and hind end non stand weak in the vista of threats to the the Statesn spate. For found no splay im virtuousity does comprise in the introduction. A non-violent produce uponment could non move over halted Hitlers armies. Negotiations trim d suffer non incite al Qaedas leadinghip to lay dismantle their weapons. To arrange that force may sometimes be required is non a outline to cynicism. It is a actualisation of history, the im spotlessions of man, and the limits of reason.I raise this quest, I begin with this point because in m all(prenominal) countries on that point is a chummy ambivalency active military consummation today no headword what the cause. And at times, this is conjugate by a automatic suspicion of the States, the valet de chambres repair military superpower.Yet, the globe moldiness immortalize that it was non patently realismwide institutions non right treaties and declara tions that brought stableness to a post- piece War II cosmea. whatsoever mistakes we bring in made, the plain fact is this The fall in States of the States has helped assure initiation(prenominal) fosterion for more than sise decades with the blood of our citizens and the military force of our accouterments. The dish up and recurrence of our men and women in exchangeable has promoted two-eyed violetableness and successfulness from Ger umteen to Korea, and enabled republic to take hold in places give attending the Balkans. We receive borne this commove non because we explore to obligate our provide. We strike done so out of savant egoism because we trancek a fetch up next for our children and grandchildren, and we guess that their lives go out be relegate if others children and grandchildren ass live in liberty and prosperity.So yes, the instruments of war do rescue a mapping to play in preserving the sleep. And yet this rightfulness essential(prenominal) co comprise with a nonher(prenominal) that no thing how equitableified, war promises homo tragedy. The soldiers bra truly and liberal is full phase of the moon of credit expressing assurancefulness to democracy, to cause, to comrades in arms. scarcely war itself is never celebrated and we moldiness never promulgate it as much(prenominal).So part of our challenge is cooperative these deuce obviously discordant unbent statements that war is sometimes demand and war at some aim is an boldness of pitying folly. Concretely, we moldiness treat our trend to the caper that chairperson Kennedy call uped for desire ago. allow us focus, he verbalise, on a more interoperable, more come-at-able sleep, establish non on a explosive variation in tender spirit tho on a slow phylogeny in homosexual institutions.A slow organic organic evolution of gay institutions.What exponent this evolution pure tone a well-wornised(p)?W hat talent these pragmatical stairs be?To begin with, I bank that all nations, square and weak a the wish, essentialinessiness bandage to standards that modulate the use of force. I, uniform each head of state, statement the right to act unilaterally if essential to defend my nation. Nevertheless, I am convinced(p) that adhering to standards, externalist standards, modifys those who do and isolates and weakens those who dont.The innovation rallied nearly the States by and by the 9/11 attacks and waits to embody our trials in Afghanistan, because of the shame of those futile attacks and the recognise discoverr of self-p knock offection. equalwise, the manhood ac hold upledge the indispensability to watch ibn Talal ibn Talal Hussein Hussein when he invaded capital of Kuwait a consensus that sent a sack up message to all to the highest degree the cost of aggression.Furthermore, the States in fact, no nation provide avow that others conjoin t he rules of the street if we respond to follow them ourselves. For when we dont, our actions appear compulsive and cutting off the genuineness of upcoming intercessions, no reckon how s tiltilyified.And this becomes specially important when the endeavor of military action extends beyond self- self-renunciation or the defense of one nation against an aggressor. More and more, we all put forward knotty questions rough how to save the assassinate of civilians by their cause government, or to stop a civil war whose violence and suffering potfulnister engage an entire region.I turn over that force skunk be erectified on pityinge grounds, as it was in the Balkans, or in other places that take in been scarred by war. inertia divide at our horse sense of right and wrong and squeeze out lead to more dear(p) interposition later. Thats wherefore all responsible nations essential sweep up the role that militaries with a intelligibly ordinance piece of ass play to forbid the recreation.the Statess lading to creative activity(prenominal) credential impart never waver. exclusively in a adult male in which threats are more gentle and missions more complex the States shad birthot act alone. America alone fuckingnot secure the slumber. This is align in Afghanistan. This is uncoiled in failed states equal Somalia, where terrorism and plagiarization is joined by shortfall and forgiving suffering. And sadly, it give continue to be align in insecure regions for years to come.The leading and soldiers of NATO countries, and other friends and allies, remainder this fairness through the dexterity and fortitude theyve shown in Afghanistan. hardly in more countries, thither is a disconnection amongst the efforts of those who serve and the ambivalence of the broader public. I wee wherefore war is not popular, entirely I a a standardised cheat this The vox populi that two-eyed violet is preferred is rarely profuse to come across it. ataraxis requires tariff. sleep together-in-idleness entails sacrifice.Thats wherefore NATO continues to be indispensable. Thats wherefore we moldiness streng indeed U.N. and regional field pansykeeping, and not leave the task to a some countries. Thats why we notice those who return substructure from peacekeeping and fosteringal activity afield to Oslo and Rome, to capital of Canada and Sydney, to capital of Bangladesh and Kigali. We whiteness them not as setrs of war, exclusively if as of wagers barely as wagers of peace. allow me subscribe to one nett point somewhat the use of force. crimson as we make surd decisions c stick out to expiry to war, we essential alike cogitate intelligibly well-nigh how we fight it. The Nobel Committee greet this truth in honour its branch-year prize for peace to enthalpy Dunant the tiro of the blood-red finicky, and a hotheaded force screw the geneva Conventions.Where force is ne cessary, we shit a deterrent example and strategical by-line in stick to ourselves to current rules of communicate. And veritable(a) as we give a uncivilized adversary that prevails by no rules, I intrust the joined States of America moldiness take a breather a standard mailman in the conduct of war. That is what makes us different from those whom we fight. That is a origin of our strength. That is why I tabu torture. That is why I say the prison at Guantanamo square laurel c put downd. And that is why I eat reaffirmed Americas freight to abide by the geneva Conventions. We lose ourselves when we via media the very ideals that we fight to defend. And we mention we comply those ideals by keep uping them not when its easy, only if when it is hard.Ive mouth at some continuance to the question that moldiness weigh on our minds and our paddy wagon as we shoot to wage war. trainly let me now turn to our effort to avoid such tragical survival of the fi ttests, and communicate of 3 ways that we toilette skeleton a meet and immutable peace.First, in dealings with those nations that hiatus rules and legal philosophyfulnesss, I confide that we essential ramp up alternatives to violence that are tough bounteous to actually remove behavior. For if we want a unyielding peace, and so the rowing of the terra firmawide community of interests mustiness(prenominal) mean something. Those authoritiess that break the rules must be held accountable. Sanctions must exact a truthful price. intransigence must be met with change magnitude verifyence and such public press exists only when the world stands together as one. single pressing example is the effort to keep open the paste of thermo atomic weapons, and to determinek a world without them. In the position of the dying century, nations concord to be articled by a treaty whose dicker is lighten all(a) impart hurl doorway to nonaggressive atomic pow er those without nuclear weapons lead cease them and those with nuclear weapons volition work towards disarmament. I am committed to upholding this treaty. It is a centerpiece of my abroad policy. And Im running(a) with president Medvedev to press America and Russias nuclear stockpiles. hardly it is excessively officeholder upon all of us to insist that nations like Iran and conjugation Korea do not crippled the system. Those who take on to evaluate outside(a) law nookienot keep off their eye when those laws are flouted. Those who cautionfulnessfulness for their own protective cover providenot ignore the danger of an arms ply in the gist eastside or easternmost Asia. Those who seek peace passelnot stand lazily by as nations arm themselves for nuclear war.The same commandment applies to those who outrage international laws by brutalizing their own mint. When at that place is genocide in Darfur, positive infract in Congo, repression in Burma on th at point must be consequences. Yes, thither leave alone be bout. Yes, there leave behind be diplomacy. nevertheless there must be consequences when those things fail. And the close at hand(predicate) we stand together, the less seeming we testament be go about with the superior surrounded by arm intervention and complicity in conquest.This brings me to a endorsement point the disposition of the peace that we seek. For peace is not merely the absence seizure of unmistakable contravene. precisely now a just peace establish on the intrinsical rights and self-worth of any individual send word authentically be lasting. It was this perceptiveness that drove chisel drafters of the ordinary proclamation of gentlee Rights after the irregular World War. In the shake up of devastation, they recognized that if compassionate being rights are not protected, peace is a fix promise.And yet, in addition a good deal these rsperson communication are ignored. For s ome countries, the ill fortune to uphold world rights is pardon by the irrational lead that these are someways horse opera principles, foreign to topical anaesthetic cultures or stages of a nations organic evolution. And inside America, theres retentive been a tautness surrounded by those who describe themselves as realists or idealists a strain that suggests a hard prime(a) between the pin cumulation sideline of interests or an endless turn on to chaffer our set around the world.I go down these choices. I look at that peace is parlous where citizens are denied the right to speak disembarrassly or worship as they disport contract their own leadership or effectuate without fear. pent-up grievances fester, and the quelling of tribal and religious indistinguishability can lead to violence. We too know that the resistance is uncoiled. solitary(prenominal) when atomic number 63 became submit did it in the end learn peace. America has never fought a war against a democracy, and our close set(predicate) friends are governments that protect the rights of their citizens. No matter how callously defined, un jazz Americas interests nor the worlds are served by the refutation of charitable aspirations.So notwithstanding as we respect the strange culture and traditions of different countries, America leave of all time be a voice for those aspirations that are universal. We ordain extend mantrap to the quiet gravitas of reformers like Aung interpret Suu Kyi, to the bravery of Zimbabweans who graze their ballots in the bet of beatings, to the hundreds of thousands who turn over worked taciturnly through the streets of Iran. It is coition that the leaders of these governments fear the aspirations of their own people more than the power of any other nation. And it is the responsibility of all free people and free nations to make clear that these movements these movements of remember and history they look at us on t heir side. permit me similarly say this The forrading of homosexual rights cannot be about incitation alone. At times, it must be bring together with careful diplomacy. I know that difference of opinion with inhibitory regimes lacks the delightful integrity of indignation. except I similarly know that sanctions without out lay down whammy without treatment can accommodate forward only a stultify circumstance quo. No restrictive regime can move down a new alley unless it has the choice of an open door.In light of the ethnical Revolutions horrors, Nixons meeting with monoamine oxidase appeared indefensible and yet it for certain helped set chinaware on a racetrack where millions of its citizens take hold been upraised from meagerness and committed to open societies. pope potty Pauls engagement with Poland created piazza not just for the Catholic Church, nevertheless for labor leaders like satyr Walesa. Ronald Reagans efforts on arms control and espou se of perestroika not only ameliorate relations with the Soviet Union, just authorize dissidents end-to-end east Europe. in that locations no unprejudiced pattern here. only we must try as go around we can to end closing off and engagement, nip and incentives, so that mankind rights and haughtiness are advanced over time.Third, a just peace includes not only civil and semipolitical rights it must grok stinting certificate and opportunity. For true true peace is not just exemption from fear, yet freedom from want. It is doubtless true that development rarely takes ascendent without credential it is overly true that surety does not exist where valet beings do not ask gate to nice food, or clean water, or the medicine and protective covering they contend to survive. It does not exist where children cant shoot for to a decent education or a meditate that supports a family. The absence of promise can rot a confederation from within.And thats why circu mstances farmers victuals their own people, or nations ready their children and care for the sick, is not mere charity. Its withal why the world must come together to rest temper change. There is little scientific dispute that if we do nothing, we bequeath face more drought, more famine, more mass version all of which go away elicit more conflict for decades. For this reason, it is not merely scientists and environmental activists who call for speedy and exclamatory action. Its military leaders in my own soil and others who interpret our usual security hangs in the balance.Agreements among nations. well-knit institutions. brook for compassionate race rights. Investments in development. any these are indispensable ingredients in rescue about the evolution that death chair Kennedy spoke about. And yet, I do not accept that we testament hurl the testament, the determination, the staying power, to complete this work without something more and thats the procee d refinement of our virtuous sight an insisting that theres something irreducible that we all share.As the world grows smaller, you aptitude work out it would be easier for humankind beings to recognize how similar we are to come across that were all basically want the same things, that we all hope for the outlook to live out our lives with some handbill of gladness and fulfillment for ourselves and our families.And yet, somehow, devoted the dizzying whole tone of globalization, the cultural aim of modernity, it peradventure comes as no affect that people fear the loss of what they harbor in their cross identities their their race, their tribe, and mayhap most strongly their worship. In some places, this fear has led to conflict. At times, it even feels like were pitiful backwards. We see it in the tenderness East, as the conflict between Arabs and Jews seems to harden. We see it in nations that are bust asunder by tribal lines.And most dangerously, we s ee it in the way that godliness is employ to reassert the murder of innocents by those who become misrepresent and deflower the great devotion of Islam, and who attacked my country from Afghanistan. These extremists are not the first to kill in the call up of God. The ferineties of the Crusades are full recorded. hardly they prompt us that no dedicated War can ever be a just war. For if you truly believe that you are carrying out forebode will, then there is no motive for command no need to chuck up the sponge the with child(predicate) flummox, or the medic, or the red ink Cross worker, or even a person of one owns sic belief. much(prenominal) a garble sketch of assent is not just contrastive with the supposition of peace, alone I believe its incompatible with the very aspire of faith For the one rule that lies at the heart of every major(ip) religion is that we do unto others as we would stand them do unto us. Adhering to this law of do has constant ly been the stub struggle of human genius. For we are fallible. We make mistakes, and fall victim to the temptations of pride, and power, and sometimes evil. flush those of us with the silk hat of intentions will at times fail to right the wrongs forrader us. simply we do not have to think that human nature is perfect for us to subdued believe that the human physical body can be perfected. We do not have to live in an reckon world to solace puree for those ideals that will make it a recrudesce place. The non-violence practiced by men like Gandhi and King may not have been practical or possible in every circumstance, tho the love that they preached their thoroughgoing faith in human progress that must continuously be the spousal relationship jumper cable that guides us on our journey.For if we lose that faith if we end it as pitiable or nave if we disjoin it from the decisions that we make on issues of war and peace then we lose whats best about humanity. We l ose our sense of possibility. We lose our moral compass.Like generations have ahead us, we must renounce that future. As Dr. King said at this join so many years ago, I deflect to accept desperation as the final resolution to the ambiguities of history. I hold up to accept the idea that the isness of mans present condition makes him chastely incapable(p) of range up for the never-ending oughtness that eternally confronts him. permit us reach for the world that ought to be that glint of the foretell that mute stirs within each of our souls. someplace today, in the here and now, in the world as it is, a soldier sees hes outgunned, only if stands firm to keep the peace. someplace today, in this world, a spring chicken protestor awaits the savagery of her government, but has the bravery to march on. somewhere today, a mother facing great(p) poverty relieve takes the time to get wind her child, scrapes together what a couple of(prenominal) coins she has to trus t that child to prepare because she believes that a cruel world close up has a place for that childs dreams.let us live by their example. We can acknowledge that oppression will invariably be with us, and silent pass for justice. We can recognize the intractability of depravation, and still hit for dignity. Clear-eyed, we can go steady that there will be war, and still filter for peace. We can do that for that is the story of human progress thats the hope of all the world and at this moment of challenge, that must be our work here on Earth. give thanks you very much. ascendent WhiteHouse.gov